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a historical fact

  • 1 historical fact

    עובדה היסטורית
    * * *
    תירוטסיה הדבוע

    English-Hebrew dictionary > historical fact

  • 2 historical fact

    Politics english-russian dictionary > historical fact

  • 3 historical fact

    historisch feit

    English-Dutch dictionary > historical fact

  • 4 historical fact

    historiskt faktum

    English-Swedish dictionary > historical fact

  • 5 (a) historical fact

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > (a) historical fact

  • 6 historical

    historical [hɪ'stɒrɪkəl]
    historique;
    it's a historical fact c'est un fait historique;
    to be of historical interest présenter un intérêt historique
    ►► Accountancy historical cost coût m historique, coût m à l'origine;
    Accountancy historical cost accounting comptabilité f par coûts historiques;
    historical linguistics linguistique f diachronique;
    historical novel roman m historique;
    Grammar historical present présent m historique

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > historical

  • 7 fact

    n
    факт; событие; явление

    to confess the fact — сознаваться в проступке / преступлении

    to distort facts — извращать / искажать факты

    to face the facts — сталкиваться с фактами; смотреть в лицо фактам

    to investigate the facts — расследовать факты / обстоятельства

    to slur over / to suppress facts — замалчивать факты

    to twist the facts — извращать / искажать факты

    - accomplished fact
    - authentic fact
    - bare facts
    - basic facts
    - commonly known fact
    - concrete facts
    - convincing facts
    - crude facts
    - doubted fact
    - dry facts
    - established fact
    - fabricated fact
    - fact in evidence
    - fact of common knowledge
    - facts speak for themselves
    - false facts
    - falsification of historical facts
    - fixed fact
    - generally known fact
    - generally recognized fact
    - hard fact
    - historical fact
    - immaterial facts
    - immutable fact
    - in actual fact
    - indisputable fact
    - irrefutable facts
    - juggling with facts
    - malicious distortion of facts
    - material facts
    - naked facts
    - new fact
    - political fact
    - proved facts
    - salient fact
    - scientifically substantiated fact
    - statement of facts

    Politics english-russian dictionary > fact

  • 8 historical

    [hɪ'stɔrɪk(ə)l]
    adj
    исторический, относящийся к истории
    - historical period
    - historical novel
    - historical play
    - historical fact
    - historical figure
    - historical event
    - historical film
    - historical picture
    USAGE:
    (1.) Русское прилагательное "исторический" соответствует в английском языке прилагательным historic и historical. Historic значит "важный, значительный": a historic battle (event, decision) историческое сражение (событие, решение). Historical означает "действительно существующий, достоверный, относящийся к истории": historical novels исторические романы/романы об исторических событиях; historical facts исторические факты. (2.) See -ic, -ical, suf

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > historical

  • 9 fact

    noun
    1) (true thing) Tatsache, die

    the fact remains that... — Tatsache bleibt:...

    the true facts of the case or matter — der wahre Sachverhalt

    know for a fact that... — genau od. sicher wissen, dass...

    is that a fact?(coll.) Tatsache? (ugs.)

    the reason lies in the fact that... — der Grund besteht darin, dass...

    face [the] facts — den Tatsachen ins Gesicht sehen

    it is a proven fact that... — es ist erwiesen, dass...

    the fact [of the matter] is that... — die Sache ist die, dass...

    [it is a] fact of life — [das ist die] harte od. rauhe Wirklichkeit

    tell or teach somebody the facts of life — (coll. euphem.) jemanden [sexuell] aufklären

    2) (reality) Wahrheit, die; Tatsachen Pl.

    distinguish fact from fictionFakten und Fiktion (geh.) od. Dichtung und Wahrheit unterscheiden

    I don't think he'll come back; in fact I know he won't — ich glaube nicht, dass er zurückkommt, ich weiß es sogar; see also academic.ru/45644/matter">matter 1. 4)

    3) (thing assumed to be fact) Faktum, das

    deny the fact that... — [die Tatsache] abstreiten, dass...

    * * *
    [fækt]
    1) (something known or believed to be true: It is a fact that smoking is a danger to health.) die Tatsache
    2) (reality: fact or fiction.) die Wirklichkeit
    - the facts of life
    - factual
    - factually
    - as a matter of fact
    - in fact
    - in point of fact
    * * *
    [fækt]
    n
    1. no pl (truth) Wirklichkeit f, Wahrheit f, Übereinstimmung f mit den Tatsachen [o Fakten
    2. (single truth) Tatsache f, Faktum nt geh
    matters of \fact Tatsachen pl
    the bare [or hard] [or plain] \facts die nackten Tatsachen
    the \fact [of the matter] is that... Tatsache ist [o es stimmt], dass...
    3.
    \facts and figures Fakten und Zahlen, genaue Daten
    in \fact [or as a matter of \fact] [or in point of \fact] genaugenommen
    to know the \facts of life wissen, worauf es im Leben ankommt
    to be a \fact of life die harte Wahrheit sein
    to tell sb the \facts of life jdn über den Ernst des Lebens aufklären
    to tell a child the \facts of life ( euph fam) ein Kind sexuell aufklären
    * * *
    [fkt]
    n
    1) Tatsache f, Faktum nt (geh); (historical, geographical etc) Faktum nt

    he accepts the fact that I don't eat meat — er akzeptiert es, dass ich kein Fleisch esse

    in view of the fact that... — angesichts der Tatsache, dass...

    despite the fact that... — der Tatsache zum Trotz, dass...

    to know for a fact that(es) ganz genau or sicher wissen, dass

    the fact (of the matter) is that... — die Sache ist die, dass...

    the fact remains that... — es lässt sich nicht bestreiten, dass...

    to stick to the facts — bei den Tatsachen bleiben, sich an die Tatsachen or Fakten halten

    to look (the) facts in the face — der Wirklichkeit or den Tatsachen (dat) ins Auge sehen

    the facts of the case (Jur) — der Tatbestand, der Sachverhalt

    ... and that's a fact —... darüber besteht kein Zweifel!,... Tatsache! (inf)

    is that a fact? — tatsächlich?, Tatsache? (inf)

    See:
    face
    2) no pl (= reality) Wirklichkeit f, Realität f

    based/founded on fact — auf Tatsachen beruhend

    3)

    in (point of) fact, in actual fact — eigentlich

    in fact, as a matter of fact — eigentlich; (to intensify previous statement) sogar

    I don't suppose you know him? – in( actual) fact or as a matter of fact I do — Sie kennen ihn nicht zufällig? – doch, eigentlich schon

    do you know him? – in (actual) fact or as a matter of fact I do —

    it sounds simple, but in (actual) fact or in point of fact it's very difficult — es hört sich so einfach an, aber in Wirklichkeit ist es sehr schwer

    I'd meant to do some work but in fact I was too tired — ich wollte eigentlich etwas arbeiten, war aber dann zu müde

    I thought I could give you a lift, but in (actual) fact I won't be going — ich dachte, ich könnte dich mitnehmen, aber ich gehe doch nicht

    I'm going soon, in (actual) fact tomorrowich reise bald ab, nämlich morgen

    it won't be easy, in fact or as a matter of fact it'll be very difficult —

    does it hurt? – as a matter of fact it's very painful — tuts weh? – ja, und sogar ganz schön

    I bet you haven't done that! – as a matter of fact I have! — du hast das bestimmt nicht gemacht! – und ob, aber ja doch!

    do you know Sir Charles? – as a matter of fact he's my uncle/yes, in fact he's my uncle — kennen Sie Sir Charles? – ja, und er ist sogar/ja, er ist nämlich mein Onkel

    4) (JUR)

    to be an accessory before/after the fact — sich der Beihilfe/Begünstigung schuldig machen

    * * *
    fact [fækt] s
    1. Tatsache f, Faktum n, Wirklichkeit f, Wahrheit f:
    fact and fancy Dichtung und Wahrheit;
    in (point of) fact in der Tat, tatsächlich, faktisch, in Wirklichkeit, genau genommen;
    it is a fact es ist eine Tatsache, es ist tatsächlich so, es stimmt;
    it is a fact that … Tatsache ist, dass …;
    the fact (of the matter) is Tatsache ist oder die Sache ist die ( that dass);
    and that’s a fact! glaube mir!; however many gallons you say you put in this morning, the tank is empty now, and that’s a fact! jetzt ist der Tank auf jeden Fall oder jedenfalls leer!;
    be based ( oder founded) on fact auf Tatsachen beruhen;
    know sth for a fact etwas (ganz) sicher wissen;
    be a fact of life die harte oder raue Wirklichkeit sein;
    the facts of life das Geheimnis des Lebens, die Tatsachen über die Entstehung des Lebens;
    explain the facts of life to sb, tell sb the facts of life jemanden (sexuell) aufklären;
    she doesn’t know the facts of life yet sie ist noch nicht aufgeklärt; matter A 3
    2. JUR
    a) Tatsache f:
    in fact and law in tatsächlicher und rechtlicher Hinsicht;
    the facts (of the case) der Tatbestand, die Tatumstände, der Sachverhalt;
    (statement of) facts Tatbestand m, -bericht m, Darstellung f des Tatbestandes
    b) Tat f:
    before (after) the fact vor (nach) begangener Tat; accessory B 4
    * * *
    noun
    1) (true thing) Tatsache, die

    the fact remains that... — Tatsache bleibt:...

    the true facts of the case or matter — der wahre Sachverhalt

    know for a fact that... — genau od. sicher wissen, dass...

    is that a fact?(coll.) Tatsache? (ugs.)

    the reason lies in the fact that... — der Grund besteht darin, dass...

    face [the] facts — den Tatsachen ins Gesicht sehen

    it is a proven fact that... — es ist erwiesen, dass...

    the fact [of the matter] is that... — die Sache ist die, dass...

    [it is a] fact of life — [das ist die] harte od. rauhe Wirklichkeit

    tell or teach somebody the facts of life — (coll. euphem.) jemanden [sexuell] aufklären

    2) (reality) Wahrheit, die; Tatsachen Pl.

    distinguish fact from fictionFakten und Fiktion (geh.) od. Dichtung und Wahrheit unterscheiden

    I don't think he'll come back; in fact I know he won't — ich glaube nicht, dass er zurückkommt, ich weiß es sogar; see also matter 1. 4)

    deny the fact that... — [die Tatsache] abstreiten, dass...

    * * *
    n.
    Faktum n.
    Gegebenheit f.
    Tatsache -n f.
    Umstand -¨e m.

    English-german dictionary > fact

  • 10 historical

    •• historic, historical, historically

    •• * Существование в английском языке двух слов – historic и historical – имеет два противоречащих друг другу следствия. Во-первых, в устной речи нередко смешение этих слов. Мне приходилось слышать, как о событии, еще не «ушедшем в историю» и даже еще не состоявшемся, говорили It is/ will be a/ an historical event. Конечно, правильнее в данном случае historic или history-making. Но и historical event тоже правильно в определенных контекстах:
    •• What historical event do you wish you could stop? If you could go back in time and prevent anything in history from having happened ( as opposed to just passively watching it happen), what particular incident in history would you most want to stop from happening and is there any reason why? (c сайта http://uplink.space.com).
    •• С другой стороны, иногда различие между этими словами существенно и должно учитываться переводчиком. Слово historical, как мне кажется, шире русского исторический, так как охватывает все, что имеет отношение к прошлому, а русское слово – только то, что говорящий интуитивно относит к «истории», т.е. к историческому процессу, «историческим судьбам» и т.п. Русское слово часто, хотя и не всегда, «возвышенней». Среди исключений – например, словосочетание историческая справка. И все же более «бытовой» характер английского слова позволяет употреблять его в тех ситуациях, где говорящий по-русски скорее всего скажет иначе.
    •• В выступлении Кондолисы Райс перед комиссией по расследованию событий 11 сентября это слово встретилось пять раз, плюс historically в значении, о котором будет сказано ниже:
    •• Historically, democratic societies have been slow to react to gathering threats, tending instead to wait to confront threats until they are too dangerous to ignore or until it is too late. – Исторический опыт (или просто опыт) свидетельствует о том, что...
    •• Далее Райс трижды употребляет это слово в отношении документа, представленного президенту Бушу 6 августа 2001 года (о возможных действиях «Аль-Каиды»):
    •• I was in a press conference to try and describe the Aug. 6 memo, which I’ve talked about here in the – my opening remarks and which I talked about with you in the private session. And I said at one point that this was a historical memo, that it was not based on new threat information. <...>
    •• It was not a particular threat report. And there was historical information in there about – about various aspects of al Qaeda’s operations. <...> It did not warn of attacks inside the United States. It was historical information based on old reporting. There was no new threat information. And it did not, in fact, warn of any coming attacks inside the United States.
    •• Один из членов комиссии (демократ) ухватился за эту формулировку:
    •• Well, did you not – you have indicated here that this was some historical document. And I am asking you whether it is not the case that you learned in the P.D.B. memo of Aug. 6 that the F.B.I. was saying that it had information suggesting that preparations, not historically, but ongoing, along with these numerous full field investigations against al Qaeda cells, that preparations were being made consistent with hijackings within the United States.
    •• Конечно, по-русски в данном случае просто невозможно сказать исторический документ, хотя можно – историческая справка, но предпочтительно все же, по-моему, справочный материал, справочная информация. В вопросе – not historically, but ongoing – возможен вариант не в историческом разрезе, а в текущем плане.
    •• Далее у Райс интересная оговорка, тут же исправленная:
    •• This was a historic memo – historical memo prepared by the agency because the president was asking questions about what we knew about the inside.
    •• Исправление оговорки – признак существенного различия двух слов. (Кстати, в качестве антонима historical появляется слово, неоднократно всплывавшее в ходе слушаний и не поддающееся однословному переводу, – actionable:
    •• The president was told this is historical information. I am told he was told this is historical information. And there was nothing actionable in this. The president knew that the F.B.I. was pursuing this issue. The president knew that the director of central intelligence was pursuing this issue. And there was no new threat information in this document to pursue.
    •• Actionable information – пока не могу предложить ничего кроме информация, требующая/ дающая основания для конкретных действий. Длинно.)
    •• Конечно, «оппозиция Его Величества» не замедлила поиграть со словом historical. Из редакционной статьи New York Times:
    •• The administration argument that it had only gotten intelligence about potential terrorist attacks abroad in the summer of 2001 was rather drastically undermined when Ms. Rice revealed, under questioning, that the briefing given Mr. Bush by the C.I.A. on Aug. 6, 2001, was titledBin Laden Determined to Attack Inside the United States.Ms. Rice continues to insist that the information was historicalrather than a warning of something likely to occur.
    •• Еще более хлестко (но абсолютно неизбежно, удержаться от игры слов невозможно):
    •• What should have made Condi hysterical, she deemedhistorical.” (Maureen Dowd)
    •• Последний пример, кстати, заставляет все-таки выбрать в переводе вариант историческая справка, чтобы попробовать передать игру слов, но все равно сделать это непросто:
    •• Информация, способная вызвать истерическую реакцию, для Конди – не более чем историческая справка.
    •• А теперь о наречии historically. Словари – как толковые, так и переводные, – как правило, не дают отдельного определения или перевода наречий с - ly, считая, что все и так ясно – их смысл и перевод вытекают из соответствующего прилагательного. Но это далеко не всегда так. В статье из New York Times, попавшей в обзор зарубежной прессы на радио «Эхо Москвы», встретилось: Iran has historically denied that it is pursuing a nuclear weapons program. Ведущая так и сказала: Иран исторически отрицал (и т.д.). Здесь, конечно, нужно просто всегда или неизменно. В некоторых случаях хорошо подойдет русское наречие традиционно: historically black colleges – традиционно негритянские колледжи (здесь это прилагательное, по-моему, вполне приемлемо), historically underutilized businesses – компании, традиционно недопредставленные среди подрядчиков, historically disadvantaged – традиционно находящиеся в тяжелом положении. Иногда подходящее русское соответствие – по многолетним наблюдениям ( This is not uncommon historically for the month of April). Наконец, контекст может подсказать и такой вариант, как беспрецедентно: Historically high growth in employment.
    •• Интересный пример из статьи У. Пфаффа в International Herald Tribune:
    •• Historically, in joint ventures with U.S. government and industry, U.S. security and proprietary restraints nearly always have forced the European partners into subordinate roles.
    •• Здесь самый лучший перевод – просто раньше, прежде.
    •• Слово historically, на мой взгляд, не является многозначным, у него одно довольно широкое и несколько расплывчатое значение, но в переводе оно начинает играть своими различными гранями. Разумеется, в приведенном выше примере возможен и перевод Исторически сложилось так, что...
    •• В отличие от historically наречие indefinitely дается в большинстве словарей (например, в БАРСе и ABBYY Lingvo) как отдельная словарная статья. Но упущено довольно частое употребление indefinitely в значении, близком к until further notice. Пример из New York Times:
    •• Thomas Krens, the foundation director, acknowledged as unrealistic the prospect of financing the $950 million project at a time when the museum is cutting budget, staff and programs. Beginning Sunday, for example, the Guggenheim Las Vegas is to go dark indefinitely.
    •• Перевод напрашивается: на неопределенный срок. Кстати, to go dark – есть ли это в словарях? Обычно так говорят, когда, скажем, музей, театр или web-сайт прерывают работу на некоторое время – с возможностью ее возобновления.
    •• Еще один пример интересного с точки зрения перевода и лексикографии употребления наречия (для контекста даю несколько предшествующих фраз):
    •• After months of inaction, I finally turned to former President Bush, who immediately interceded with Crown Prince Abdallah on the FBI’s behalf. <...> The Saudis immediately acceded. <...> Mr. Bush typically disclaimed any credit for his critical intervention, but he earned the gratitude of many FBI agents and the Khobar families. (American Justice for Khobar Heroes. By Louis J. Freeh. Wall Street Journal)
    •• Typically здесь нельзя переводить как типично или даже что для него типично. В каких-то случаях может подойти разговорное что характерно. Но лучше, конечно, в свойственной ему манере или как обычно. Думаю, в двуязычном словаре для такого примера должно найтись место. Во-первых, он показывает идиоматичное употребление английского наречия. Во-вторых, подсказывает перевод.
    •• Наречия типа confusingly обычно не включаются в словари в качестве отдельной статьи. Считается, что перевод таких слов, как amazingly или startlingly, не должен вызывать трудностей, но это не всегда так. На конференции по товарным знакам встретилось выражение confusingly similar. В юридическом словаре есть confusion in trademarks – смешение товарных знаков. Соответственно confusingly similar – схожий/ аналогичный до степени смешения (принятый практиками перевод). Пожалуй, это стоит включить не только в специальный словарь.

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > historical

  • 11 fact

    [fækt] n փաստ, իրողություն, դեպք. concrete/ actual/obvious/historical/well-known fact կոնկ րետ/իրական/ակնհայտ/պատմական/ քաջ հայտնի փաստ. admit/conceal/ignore/distort a fact ընդունել/թաքցնել/անտեսել/աղավա ղել փաստը. bare/dry facts մերկ փաստեր. an accomplished fact կատարված փաստ. fixed fact հաստատված/ապացուցված փաստ. appraisal of facts փաստերի գնահատում. facts are stubborn things փաստերը համառ բան են. set the facts փաստերը հաստատել. overturn the fact փաստը հերքել. (իրողություն, իրականություն) facts իրողություն, իրականություն. get to the facts ճշմարտությունը պարզել. know smth for a fact մի բան հաստատ իմանալ. the true facts իրերի իրական վիճակը, ճշմարիտ փաս տերը. in fact, as a matter of fact իրականում, փաստորեն. The fact is that… Փաստն այն է, Իրողությունն այն է… the facts suggest տվյալները վկայում են. fact in issue քննարկվող փաստը. legally relevant fact իրավաբանորեն հիմնա վոր ված փաստ. before/after the fact իրա դար ձու թյուններից/դեպքերից առաջ/ հե տո. fact finding հետաքննություն, փաստերի բա ցա հայ տում. a fact finding commission հետա քննու թյան հանձնաժողով

    English-Armenian dictionary > fact

  • 12 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 13 факт

    добыть новые факты — to dig out / up new facts

    игнорировать факты — to disregard / to ignorer facts

    искажать факты — to distort / to twist / to misinterpret facts

    констатировать факты — to ascertain / to establish facts

    подтасовывать факты — to frame / to manipulate facts, to juggle with facts

    приводить факты — to point to / to mention facts

    признавать какой-л. факт — to avow

    смотреть в лицо фактам — to face the facts / up to facts

    соответствовать фактам — to coincide / to agree with the facts

    непреложный факт, что... — it is the immutable fact that....

    бездоказательный / голословный факт — fact not succeptible of proof

    веские факты (в пользу / против кого-л.)strong case (for / against smb.)

    голые факты — crude / bare / naked / dry facts

    исторический факт — historical fact / evidence

    неопровержимые факты — irrefutable / hard facts

    неоспоримые факты — indisputable / incontestable facts

    общеизвестный факт — generally / commonly known fact

    очевидный факт — simple / nude fact

    свершившийся факт — accomplished fact, fait accompli фр.

    поставить перед свершившимся фактом — to confront / to place (smb.) before an accomplished fact, to present (smb.) with a fait accompli

    самый существенный / основной факт — salient fact

    установленный факт — established fact, certainty; fixed fact амер.

    искажение фактов — disfortion / misinterpretation of facts

    факты, не имеющие прямого отношения к спорному вопросу — collateral facts

    факт, составляющий предмет спора — fact in issue

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > факт

  • 14 עובדה היסטורית

    historical fact

    Hebrew-English dictionary > עובדה היסטורית

  • 15 исторический факт

    Русско-английский политический словарь > исторический факт

  • 16 geschichtlich

    I Adj. historical; bedeutsam: historic; von geschichtlicher Bedeutung historically important, of historic(al) importance
    II Adv. historically; es ist geschichtlich belegt, dass... it is a historical fact that...
    * * *
    historical; historic
    * * *
    ge|schịcht|lich [gə'ʃIçtlɪç]
    1. adj
    (= historisch) historical; (= bedeutungsvoll) historic
    2. adv
    historically

    geschichtlich denkento think in terms of history

    geschichtlich bewandert seinto be well-versed in history, to be familiar with history

    * * *
    ge·schicht·lich
    [gəˈʃɪçtlɪç]
    I. adj
    1. (die Geschichte betreffend) historical
    2. (bedeutend) historic
    ein \geschichtliches Ereignis/ein \geschichtlicher Vorgang a historic occasion/event
    II. adv historically
    \geschichtlich bedeutsam of historic importance
    * * *
    1.
    2) (bedeutungsvoll) historic
    2.
    adverbial historically
    * * *
    A. adj historical; bedeutsam: historic;
    von geschichtlicher Bedeutung historically important, of historic(al) importance
    B. adv historically;
    es ist geschichtlich belegt, dass … it is a historical fact that …
    * * *
    1.
    2) (bedeutungsvoll) historic
    2.
    adverbial historically
    * * *
    adj.
    historical adj.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > geschichtlich

  • 17 hecho

    adj.
    1 made, done.
    2 made, created.
    intj.
    1 done.
    2 agreed.
    m.
    1 fact, point of fact, event, happening.
    2 act, feat, deed, action.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: hacer.
    * * *
    1 (realidad) fact
    2 (suceso) event, incident
    ————————
    1→ link=hacer hacer
    1 (carne) done
    2 (persona) mature
    3 (frase, expresión) set
    4 (ropa) ready-made
    1 (realidad) fact
    2 (suceso) event, incident
    interjección ¡hecho!
    1 done!, agreed!
    \
    a lo hecho pecho it's no use crying over spilt milk
    ¡bien hecho! well done!
    de hecho in fact
    el hecho es que... the fact is that...
    eso está hecho figurado that won't take long, that'll only take a minute
    estar hecho,-a un,-a... to be...
    está hecho un vago he's a real waster, he's a real layabout
    hecho,-a a mano handmade
    hecho,-a a máquina machine-made
    hecho,-a en casa home-made
    hechos son amores actions speak louder than words
    lo hecho hecho está what's done is done
    muy hecho,-a (carne) well-cooked 2 (pasada) overdone
    poco,-a hecho,-a (carne) rare 2 (insuficientemente) underdone
    hecho consumado fait accompli
    hecho de armas feat of arms
    Hechos de los Apóstoles RELIGIÓN Acts of the Apostles
    * * *
    1. noun m.
    1) fact
    2) deed
    2. (f. - hecha)
    adj.
    1) done, made
    * * *
    1.
    PP de hacer
    2. ADJ
    1) (=realizado) done

    si le dijiste que no fuera, mal hecho — if you told him not to go, then you were wrong o you shouldn't have

    ¡hecho! — (=de acuerdo) agreed!, it's a deal!

    2) (=manufacturado) made

    ¿de qué está hecho? — what's it made of?

    3) (=acabado) done, finished; (=listo) ready

    ¿está hecha la comida? — is dinner ready?

    4) (Culin)
    a) (=maduro) [queso, vino] mature; [fruta] ripe
    b) (=cocinado)

    muy hecho(=bien) well-cooked; (=demasiado) overdone

    no muy hecho, poco hecho — underdone, undercooked

    un filete poco o no muy hecho — a rare steak

    5) (=convertido en)

    ella, hecha una furia, se lanzó — she hurled herself furiously

    6) [persona]

    hecho y derecho —

    7) (=acostumbrado)
    3. SM
    1) (=acto)

    hechos, y o que no palabras — actions speak louder than words

    2) (=realidad) fact; (=suceso) event

    el hecho es que... — the fact is that...

    un hecho histórico(=acontecimiento) an historic event; (=dato) a historical fact

    hecho imponible — (Econ) taxable source of income

    3)

    de hecho — in fact, as a matter of fact

    de hecho, yo no sé nada de eso — in fact o as a matter of fact, I don't know anything about that

    4) (Jur)
    * * *
    I
    - cha participio pasado [ ver tb hacer]
    1) ( manufacturado) made

    bien/mal hecho — well/badly made

    lo hecho, hecho está — what's done is done

    tú estás hecho un vagoyou've become o turned into a lazy devil

    hecho a algoused o accustomed to something

    hecho! — it's a deal!, done!

    II
    - cha adjetivo
    1) < ropa> ready-to-wear, off-the-rack (AmE), off-the-peg (esp BrE)
    2) ( terminado) < trabajo> done

    hecho y derecho< hombre> (fully) grown; < abogado> fully-fledged

    3) (esp Esp) < carne> done

    un filete muy/poco hecho — a well-done/rare steak

    III
    1)
    a) (acto, acción)

    ésas son palabras y yo quiero hechos — those are just words, I want action o I want something done

    b) (suceso, acontecimiento) event
    2) (realidad, verdad) fact

    el hecho es que... — the fact (of the matter) is that...

    3)
    * * *
    I
    - cha participio pasado [ ver tb hacer]
    1) ( manufacturado) made

    bien/mal hecho — well/badly made

    lo hecho, hecho está — what's done is done

    tú estás hecho un vagoyou've become o turned into a lazy devil

    hecho a algoused o accustomed to something

    hecho! — it's a deal!, done!

    II
    - cha adjetivo
    1) < ropa> ready-to-wear, off-the-rack (AmE), off-the-peg (esp BrE)
    2) ( terminado) < trabajo> done

    hecho y derecho< hombre> (fully) grown; < abogado> fully-fledged

    3) (esp Esp) < carne> done

    un filete muy/poco hecho — a well-done/rare steak

    III
    1)
    a) (acto, acción)

    ésas son palabras y yo quiero hechos — those are just words, I want action o I want something done

    b) (suceso, acontecimiento) event
    2) (realidad, verdad) fact

    el hecho es que... — the fact (of the matter) is that...

    3)
    * * *
    hecho1
    1 = event, fact, deed.

    Ex: The concept of corporate body includes named occasional groups and events, such as meetings, conferences, congresses, expeditions, exhibitions, festivals, and fairs.

    Ex: Apart from the fact that different librarians may consult different reference sources, there are other factors which may lead different cataloguers to different decisions.
    Ex: Books were kept for historical records of deeds done by the inhabitants: their worthy acts as well as their sins.
    * apuntar el hecho de que = point to + the fact that.
    * cegarse ante el hecho de que = blind + Pronombre + to the fact that.
    * de derecho pero no de hecho = in name only.
    * de hecho = actually, as a matter of fact, as it happened, de facto, in actual fact, in effect, in fact, indeed, in point of fact, in actuality, as it happens, as it is, effectively, for all intents and purposes, to all intents and purposes, for that matter.
    * del dicho al hecho hay mucho trecho = easier said than done.
    * del dicho al hecho hay mucho trecho = There's many a slip 'twixt cup and lip.
    * demostración del hecho de que = evidence of the fact that.
    * desde el punto de vista de los hechos = factually.
    * dicho sin hecho no tiene provecho = actions speak louder than words.
    * el hecho es que = fact is, the fact is (that).
    * el hecho es que... = the fact of the matter is that....
    * en cuanto a los hechos = factually.
    * en el lugar de los hechos = at the scene.
    * enfrentarse al hecho de que = face + (up to) the fact that.
    * entre el dicho y el hecho hay un gran trecho = many a slip between the cup and the lip.
    * enunciado de los hechos = statement of fact.
    * estado de hecho = rule of men.
    * explicar + Posesivo + versión de los hechos = explain + Posesivo + side of the story.
    * exposición de los hechos = statement of fact.
    * hacer frente al hecho de que = face + (up to) the fact that.
    * hacer frente a los hechos = face + facts.
    * hecho casual = coincidence, chance happening.
    * hecho consumado = fait accompli.
    * hecho demostrado = established fact.
    * hecho ineludible = hard fact.
    * hecho real = brute fact.
    * hechos dispersos = random facts.
    * hechos, los = plain fact, the.
    * hechos reales = true story.
    * no prestar atención al hecho de que = overlook + the fact that.
    * olvidarse del hecho de que = lose + sight of the fact that.
    * pareja de hecho = common-law husband, common-law wife, common-law marriage.
    * partiendo del hecho de que = based on the understanding that.
    * perder de vista el hecho de que = lose + sight of the fact that.
    * por el hecho de que = because of the fact that.
    * por el mero hecho de saber = for knowledge's sake.
    * presunción de hecho = prima facie.
    * prueba del hecho de que = evidence of the fact that.
    * ser un hecho ampliamente aceptado = it + be + widely agreed.
    * ser un hecho ampliamente reconocido = it + be + widely recognised.
    * ser un hecho bien conocido que = it + be + a (well)-known fact that.
    * ser un hecho bien sabido que = it + be + a (well)-known fact that.
    * ser un hecho poco conocido que = it + be + a little known fact that.
    * ser un hecho poco sabido que = it + be + a little known fact that.
    * sin meternos en el hecho de que = to say nothing of.
    * sin tener en cuenta el hecho de que = overlook + the fact that.
    * verificación de los hechos = fact checking.

    hecho2

    Ex: What was pinned up ranged from sheets of paper with nothing more written on them than a title and author to elaborate and beautifully executed illustrations.

    * a lo hecho, pecho = no use crying over spilt/spilled milk, you've made your bed, now you must lie in it!.
    * bien hecho = well-rendered, well done.
    * cartón hecho de paja = strawboard.
    * comprar Algo hecho en serie = buy + off-the-shelf.
    * comprar Algo ya hecho de antemano = buy + off-the-shelf.
    * cosa hecha = plain sailing, walkover.
    * dado por hecho = foregone.
    * dando por hecho que = based on the understanding that, on the understanding that.
    * dar por hecho = take for + granted.
    * dejar hecho polvo = screw + Nombre + up.
    * dicho y hecho = no sooner said than done.
    * estar hecho a escala = be to scale.
    * estar hecho con la intención de = be intended for/to.
    * estar hecho con la mismas dimensiones que el original = be to scale.
    * estar hecho el uno para el otro = be two of a kind, be a right pair.
    * estar hecho para = be geared to, be intended for/to, mean, be cut out for.
    * estar hecho polvo = be + wreck.
    * estar hecho un desastre = be a shambles, look like + the wreck of the Hesperus, look like + drag + through a hedge backwards, be (in) a mess.
    * estar hecho un esqueleto = be a bag of bones.
    * frase hecha = bound phrase, cliche, formulaic words, formulaic phrase.
    * hecho a base de parches = patchwork.
    * hecho a mano = hand-made, hand-drawn, handcrafted.
    * hecho a máquina = machine-made.
    * hecho a medida = customised [customized, -USA], purpose-designed, tailored, tailor-made [tailormade], custom-made, custom-built [custom built], custom-designed [custom designed], custom-tailored [custom tailored], bespoke, made to measure, fitted, made-to-order.
    * hecho añicos = shattered.
    * hecho a propósito = tailor-made [tailormade], custom-made, custom-built [custom built], custom-designed [custom designed], custom-tailored [custom tailored].
    * hecho cisco = wrecked.
    * hecho como de pasada = throwaway.
    * hecho de antemano = off-the-peg, ready-made.
    * hecho de encaje = lacy.
    * hecho de grava = metalled [metaled, -USA].
    * hecho de trozos = piecewise.
    * hecho de un modo gratuito = pro bono.
    * hecho en América = American-built.
    * hecho en casa = homespun, homemade.
    * hecho en el extranjero = foreign-made.
    * hecho en el Reino Unido = British-made.
    * hecho en lugar de otra persona = delegated.
    * hecho exclusivamente para = born and bred.
    * hecho exclusivamente para la web = Web-centric.
    * hecho expresamente para = intended for.
    * hecho para una situación específica = niche-specific.
    * hecho para una única ocasión = one shot.
    * hecho polvo = wrecked, dog tired.
    * hecho por el autor = author-designated, author-prepared.
    * hecho por el hombre = man-made.
    * hecho por encargo = tailor-made [tailormade], bespoke, custom-made, custom-built [custom built], custom-designed [custom designed], custom-tailored [custom tailored], made-to-order, made to measure.
    * hecho por la OCLC = OCLC-produced.
    * hecho por la propia biblioteca = in-house [inhouse].
    * hecho por multicopista = mimeographed.
    * hecho por uno mismo = home-grown [home grown/homegrown], home-produced, self-made.
    * hecho puré = mashed.
    * hecho recientemente = fresh-made.
    * hechos el uno para el otro = made for each other.
    * hecho una salsa = saucy [saucier -comp., sauciest -sup.].
    * hecho una sopa = drenched to the skin, wringing wet, soaked to the skin, soaking wet, wet through to the skin.
    * hecho un desastre = in shambles, like the wreck of the Hesperus, upside down.
    * hecho un toro = as strong as an ox.
    * hecho y derecho = full-bodied, full-scale, full-service, fully-fledged.
    * ir hecho un desastre = look like + drag + through a hedge backwards, look like + the wreck of the Hesperus.
    * lo hecho hecho está = no use crying over spilt/spilled milk.
    * mal hecho para = ill suited to/for.
    * medio hecho = halfway done, half done.
    * menos hecho = rarer.
    * páguese por el uso hecho = pay-as-you-go.
    * papel hecho a mano = hand-made paper.
    * papel hecho a máquina = machine-made paper.
    * papel verjurado hecho a máquina = machine-made laid paper.
    * ponerse hecho una fiera = go + ballistic, go + berserk, go + postal, lose + Posesivo + temper.
    * ponerse hecho una furia = go + berserk, go + postal, lose + Posesivo + temper.
    * ponerse hecho un basilisco = go + ballistic, go + berserk, go + postal, lose + Posesivo + temper.
    * ponerse hecho un energúmeno = go + ballistic.
    * recién hecho = hot off the griddle.
    * resumen hecho para una disciplina concreta = discipline-oriented abstract.
    * sistema informático hecho por encargo = tailored system.
    * solución hecha = cut-and-dried solution.
    * tener Algo hecho a la medida de uno = have + Nombre + cut out.
    * tenerlo todo hecho = have + an easy ride.
    * un trabajo bien hecho = a job well done.

    * * *
    pp
    hecho a mano handmade
    hecho a máquina machine-made, machine-produced
    un traje hecho a (la) medida a made-to-measure suit
    está muy bien/mal hecho it's very well/badly made
    B
    (refiriéndose a una acción): ¡bien hecho! así aprenderá well done! o good for you! that'll teach him
    tomé la decisión yo solo — pues mal hecho, tenías que haberlo consultado I took the decision myself — well you shouldn't have (done), you should have discussed it with him
    lo hecho, hecho está it's no use crying over spilled milk
    C
    (convertido en): estaba hecho una fiera or furia he was livid o furious
    está hecha una foca she's got(ten) really fat
    se apareció hecho un mamarracho he turned up looking a real mess
    me dejaron con los nervios hechos trizas when they finished my nerves were in tatters o in shreds o ( colloq) shot to pieces
    tú estás hecho un vago you've become o turned into a lazy devil
    D (acostumbrado) hecho A algo used o accustomed TO sth
    un hombre muy hecho a la vida en el campo a man well used to o quite accustomed to life in the country
    (expresando acuerdo): ¡hecho! it's a deal!, done!
    A ‹ropa› ready-to-wear, off-the-peg
    con ese físico se puede comprar los trajes hechos with his build he can buy ready-to-wear suits o he can buy his suits off the peg
    B (terminado) ‹trabajo› done
    hecho y derecho: un hombre hecho y derecho a grown o a fully grown man
    un abogado hecho y derecho a fully-fledged lawyer
    ya es un jugador hecho y derecho he is already an inveterate o a confirmed gambler
    C ( esp Esp) ‹carne› done
    un filete muy/poco hecho a well-done/rare steak
    D ( Chi fam) (borracho) plastered ( colloq)
    E
    (Col, Ven fam) (económicamente bien): estar hecho to have it made ( colloq)
    A
    1
    (acto, acción): ésas son palabras y yo quiero hechos those are just words, I want action
    demuéstramelo con hechos prove it to me by doing something about it
    no es el hecho en sí de que me lo haya robado lo que me duele sino … it's not the actual theft that upsets me but …, it's not the fact that she stole it from me that upsets me but …
    2 (suceso, acontecimiento) event
    hechos como la caída del gobierno de Castillo events such as the fall of the Castillo government
    los documentos hallados en el lugar de los hechos the documents found at the scene of the crime
    limítese el testigo a relatar los hechos the witness will please limit o confine his testimony to the facts
    Compuestos:
    fait accompli
    ( frml); battle
    ( frml); violent crime ( involving bloodshed)
    mpl:
    los hecho de los Apóstoles The Acts of the Apostles
    B (realidad, verdad) fact
    es un hecho conocido por todos it's a well-known fact
    para esa fecha los viajes espaciales ya eran un hecho by that time space travel was already a reality
    el hecho es que … the fact (of the matter) is that …
    es un gran conocedor del país, debido al hecho de que … he knows the country very well owing to the fact that o because …
    el hecho de que habla tres idiomas le da una gran ventaja the fact that he speaks three languages gives him a great advantage
    el hecho DE QUE + SUBJ:
    el hecho de que mucha gente lo compre no quiere decir que sea un buen periódico the fact that a lot of people buy it doesn't make it a good newspaper, just because a lot of people buy it doesn't mean that it's a good newspaper
    C
    de hecho: de hecho, ya es significativo que haya hecho esa propuesta the fact that he has made such a proposal is in itself significant
    no fue una sorpresa, de hecho, me avisaron el mes pasado it didn't come as a surprise; in fact they warned me only last month
    él es el director pero de hecho la que manda es ella he's the director, but she's the one who actually runs the place, he's the director, but in reality o in actual fact she's the one who runs the place
    * * *

     

    Del verbo hacer: ( conjugate hacer)

    hecho es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    hacer    
    hecho
    hacer ( conjugate hacer) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ( crear) ‹mueble/vestido to make;

    casa/carretera to build;
    nido to build, make;
    túnelto make, dig;
    dibujo/plano to do, draw;
    lista to make, draw up;
    resumen to do, make;
    película to make;
    nudo/lazo to tie;
    pan/pastel to make, bake;
    vino/café/tortilla to make;
    cerveza to make, brew;

    hacen buena pareja they make a lovely couple
    b) (producir, causar) ‹ ruido to make;


    estos zapatos me hacen daño these shoes hurt my feet
    2
    a) (efectuar, llevar a cabo) ‹ sacrificio to make;

    milagro to work, perform;
    deberes/ejercicios/limpieza to do;
    mandado to run;
    transacción/investigación to carry out;
    experimento to do, perform;
    entrevista to conduct;
    gira/viaje to do;
    regalo to give;
    favor to do;
    trato to make;

    aún queda mucho por hecho there is still a lot (left) to do;
    dar que hecho to make a lot of work
    b)cheque/factura to make out, write out

    3 (formular, expresar) ‹declaración/promesa/oferta to make;
    proyecto/plan to make, draw up;
    crítica/comentario to make, voice;
    pregunta to ask;

    4

    hecho caca (fam) to do a poop (AmE) o (BrE) a pooh (colloq);

    hecho pis or pipí (fam) to have a pee (colloq);
    hecho sus necesidades (euf) to go to the bathroom o toilet (euph)

    las vacas hacen `mu' cows go `moo'

    5 ( adquirir) ‹dinero/fortuna to make;
    amigo to make
    6 (preparar, arreglar) ‹ cama to make;
    maleta to pack;
    hice el pescado al horno I did o cooked the fish in the oven;

    tengo que hecho la comida I must make lunch;
    ver tb comida b
    7 ( recorrer) ‹trayecto/distancia to do, cover
    8 (en cálculos, enumeraciones):
    son 180 … y 320 hacen 500 that's 180 … and 320 is o makes 500

    1


    ¿hacemos algo esta noche? shall we do something tonight?;
    hecho ejercicio to do (some) exercise;
    ¿hace algún deporte? do you play o do any sports?;
    See Also→ amor 1b
    b) (como profesión, ocupación) to do;

    ¿qué hace tu padre? what does your father do?


    2 (realizar cierta acción, actuar de cierta manera) to do;
    ¡eso no se hace! you shouldn't do that!;

    ¡qué le vamos a hecho! what can you o (frml) one do?;
    toca bien el pianoantes lo hacía mejor she plays the piano wellshe used to play better;
    hechola buena (fam): ¡ahora sí que la hice! now I've really done it!;
    See Also→ tonto sustantivo masculino, femenino
    1 (transformar en, volver) to make;

    hizo pedazos la carta she tore the letter into tiny pieces;
    ese vestido te hace más delgada that dress makes you look thinner;
    hecho algo de algo to turn sth into sth;
    quiero hecho de ti un gran actor I want to make a great actor of you
    2
    a) (obligar a, ser causa de que)


    me hizo abrirla he made me open it;
    me hizo llorar it made me cry;
    hágalo pasar tell him to come in;
    me hizo esperar tres horas she kept me waiting for three hours;
    hecho que algo/algn haga algo to make sth/sb do sth
    b)

    hacer hacer algo to have o get sth done/made;

    hice acortar las cortinas I had o got the curtains shortened
    verbo intransitivo
    1 (obrar, actuar):
    déjame hecho a mí just let me handle this o take care of this;

    ¿cómo se hace para que te den la beca? what do you have to do to get the scholarship?;
    hiciste bien en decírmelo you did o were right to tell me;
    haces mal en mentir it's wrong of you to lie
    2 (fingir, simular):

    haz como si no lo conocieras act as if o pretend you don't know him
    3 ( servir):
    esta sábana hará de toldo this sheet will do for o as an awning;

    la escuela hizo de hospital the school served as o was used as a hospital
    4 ( interpretar personaje) hecho de algo/algn to play (the part of) sth/sb
    (+ compl) ( sentar):


    (+ me/te/le etc)

    la trucha me hizo mal (AmL) the trout didn't agree with me
    hecho v impers
    1 ( refiriéndose al tiempo atmosférico):
    hace frío/sol it's cold/sunny;

    hace tres grados it's three degrees;
    (nos) hizo un tiempo espantoso the weather was terrible
    2 ( expresando tiempo transcurrido):

    hace mucho que lo conozco I've known him for a long time;
    hacía años que no lo veía I hadn't seen him for o in years;
    ¿cuánto hace que se fue? how long ago did she leave?;
    hace poco/un año a short time/a year ago;
    hasta hace poco until recently
    hacerse verbo pronominal
    1 ( producirse) (+ me/te/le etc):

    se le hizo una ampolla she got a blister;
    hacérsele algo a algn (Méx): por fin se le hizo ganar el premio she finally got to win the award
    2
    a) ( refl) ( hacer para sí) ‹café/falda to make oneself;




    se hizo la cirugía estética she had plastic surgery
    3 ( causarse):
    ¿qué te hiciste en el brazo? what did you do to your arm?;

    ¿te hiciste daño? did you hurt yourself?
    4 ( refiriéndose a necesidades fisiológicas):
    todavía se hace pis/caca (fam) she still wets/messes herself

    5 ( refl) ( adquirir) to make;

    1
    a) (volverse, convertirse en) to become;


    se están haciendo viejos they are getting o growing old
    b) ( resultar):



    (+ me/te/le etc)

    se me hace difícil creerlo I find it very hard to believe
    c) ( impers):


    se está haciendo tarde it's getting late
    d) ( cocinarse) [pescado/guiso] to cook

    e) (AmL) ( pasarle a):

    ¿qué se habrá hecho María? what can have happened to María?

    2 ( acostumbrarse) hechose a algo to get used to sth
    3 ( fingirse):

    ¿es bobo o se (lo) hace? (fam) is he stupid or just a good actor? (colloq);
    hechose pasar por algn (por periodista, doctor) to pass oneself off as sb
    4 ( moverse) (+ compl) to move;

    5
    hacerse de (AmL) (de fortuna, dinero) to get;


    ( de amigos) to make
    hecho 1
    ◊ - cha pp [ ver tb hacer]

    1 ( manufacturado) made;

    un traje hecho a (la) medida a made-to-measure suit;
    bien/mal hecho well/badly made
    2 ( refiriéndose a acción):
    ¡bien hecho! well done!;

    no le avisépues mal hecho I didn't let him knowwell you should have (done);
    lo hecho, hecho está what's done is done
    3 ( convertido en):

    tú estás hecho un vago you've become o turned into a lazy devil
    ■ adjetivo

    b) ( terminado) ‹ trabajo done

    c) (esp Esp) ‹ carne done;

    un filete muy/poco hecho a well-done/rare steak

    hecho 2 sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (acto, acción):

    yo quiero hechos I want action, I want something done;

    demuéstramelo con hechos prove it to me by doing something about it
    b) (suceso, acontecimiento) event;


    2 (realidad, verdad) fact;

    hacer
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (crear, fabricar, construir) to make
    hacer un jersey, to make a sweater
    hacer un puente, to build a bridge
    2 (una acción) to do: eso no se hace, it isn't done
    haz lo que quieras, do what you want
    ¿qué estás haciendo?, (en este momento) what are you doing?
    (para vivir) what do you do (for a living)?
    hace atletismo, he does athletics
    hacer una carrera/ medicina, to do a degree/ medicine
    3 (amigos, dinero) to make
    4 (obligar, forzar) to make: hazle entrar en razón, make him see reason
    5 (causar, provocar) to make: ese hombre me hace reír, that man makes me laugh
    estos zapatos me hacen daño, these shoes are hurting me
    no hagas llorar a tu hermana, don't make your sister cry
    6 (arreglar) to make
    hacer la cama, to make the bed
    hacer la casa, to do the housework
    7 Mat (sumar, dar como resultado) to make: y con éste hacen cincuenta, and that makes fifty
    8 (producir una impresión) to make... look: ese vestido la hace mayor, that dress makes her look older
    9 (en sustitución de otro verbo) to do: cuido mi jardín, me gusta hacerlo, I look after my garden, I like doing it
    10 (representar) to play: Juan hizo un papel en Fuenteovejuna, Juan played a part in Fuenteovejuna
    11 (actuar como) to play: no hagas el tonto, don't play the fool
    12 (suponer) te hacía en casa, I thought you were at home
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 (en el teatro, etc) to play: hizo de Electra, she played Electra
    2 ( hacer por + infinitivo) to try to: hice por ayudar, I tried to help
    3 (simular) to pretend: hice como si no lo conociera, I acted as if I didn't know him
    4 fam (venir bien, convenir) to be suitable: si te hace, nos vamos a verle mañana, if it's all right for you, we'll visit him tomorrow
    III verbo impersonal
    1 (tiempo transcurrido) ago: hace mucho (tiempo), a long time ago
    hace tres semanas que no veo la televisión, I haven't watched TV for three weeks
    hace tres años que comenzaron las obras, the building works started three years ago
    2 (condición atmosférica) hacía mucho frío, it was very cold
    ¿To make o to do?
    El significado básico del verbo to make es construir, fabricar algo juntando los componentes (aquí hacen unos pasteles maravillosos, they make marvellous cakes here), obligar (hazle callar, make him shut up) o convertir: Te hará más fuerte. It'll make you stronger. También se emplea en expresiones compuestas por palabras tales como dinero ( money), ruido ( a noise), cama ( the bed), esfuerzo ( an effort), promesa ( a promise), c omentario ( a comment), amor ( love), guerra ( war).
    El significado del verbo to do es cumplir o ejecutar una tarea o actividad, especialmente tratándose de los deportes y las tareas domésticas: Hago mis deberes por la noche. I do my homework in the evening. ¿Quién hace la plancha en tu casa? Who does the ironing in your house? También se emplea con palabras tales como deber ( duty), deportes ( sports), examen ( an exam), favor ( a favour), sumas ( sums).
    hecho,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (realizado) made, done: está muy bien hecho, it's really well done
    2 (acostumbrado) used: está hecho a trabajar en este clima, he's used to working in this climate
    3 (cocinado, cocido) done
    un filete muy/poco hecho, a well-cooked/rare steak
    4 (persona) mature
    5 (frase) set
    (ropa) ready-made
    II sustantivo masculino
    1 (suceso real) fact
    el hecho es que..., the fact is that...
    de hecho, in fact ➣ Ver nota en actually 2 (obra, acción) act, deed
    3 (acontecimiento, caso) event, incident
    III interj ¡hecho!, it's a deal! o all right!
    ' hecho' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acontecer
    - actual
    - asesinar
    - braga
    - bribón
    - bribona
    - buena
    - bueno
    - casera
    - casero
    - chapucera
    - chapucero
    - chapuza
    - chaval
    - chavala
    - como
    - conmoverse
    - considerable
    - consumada
    - consumado
    - Cristo
    - de
    - despeluchar
    - desvarío
    - dicha
    - dicho
    - documentalista
    - elemento
    - encubrir
    - entrar
    - exquisita
    - exquisito
    - fideo
    - fiera
    - flan
    - furia
    - haber
    - habilidosa
    - habilidoso
    - hallar
    - hecha
    - higo
    - hojalata
    - humanamente
    - incidencia
    - interdisciplinaria
    - interdisciplinario
    - jirón
    - jugarreta
    - lástima
    English:
    accept
    - action
    - actual
    - actually
    - adjust
    - admission
    - admit
    - advance
    - angry
    - appease
    - asbestos
    - bandwagon
    - bargain
    - basis
    - beat
    - by
    - challenge
    - cock-up
    - collar
    - come
    - confirm
    - cry
    - custom
    - cut out
    - damage
    - deal
    - decree
    - delay
    - deliberately
    - done
    - dream
    - effect
    - effectively
    - enforce
    - established
    - fact
    - failure
    - fait accompli
    - find out
    - fitted
    - freshly
    - fully-fledged
    - good
    - grown
    - gumbo
    - hand
    - handmade
    - however
    - hurried
    - in
    * * *
    hecho, -a
    participio
    ver hacer
    adj
    1. [llevado a cabo]
    hecho a mano handmade;
    hecho a máquina machine-made;
    una película bien hecha a well-made film;
    ¡eso está hecho! it's a deal!, you're on!;
    ¡bien hecho! well done!;
    ¡mal hecho, me tenías que haber avisado! you were wrong not to tell me!;
    ¿me podrás conseguir entradas? – ¡eso está hecho! will you be able to get me tickets? – it's as good as done!;
    lo hecho, hecho está what is done is done;
    Fam
    a lo hecho, pecho: no me gusta, pero a lo hecho, pecho I don't like it, but what's done is done;
    tú lo hiciste, así que a lo hecho, pecho you did it, so you'll have to take what's coming
    2. [acabado] mature;
    una mujer hecha y derecha a fully grown woman;
    estás hecho un artista you've become quite an artist
    3. [carne, pasta] done;
    quiero el filete muy hecho/poco hecho I'd like my steak well done/rare
    4. [acostumbrado]
    estar hecho a algo/a hacer algo to be used to sth/to doing sth;
    está hecha a la dureza del clima she's used to the harsh climate;
    no estoy hecho a levantarme tan temprano I'm not used to getting up so early
    5. Andes, RP Fam
    estar hecho [en condiciones] to have it all;
    con la compra de estos zapatos creo que estoy hecho after buying these shoes I think I've got everything I need;
    me faltan dos materias de la carrera y estoy hecha I need to do two more subjects in my degree and that's me done
    nm
    1. [suceso] event;
    los hechos tuvieron lugar de madrugada the events took place in the early morning;
    el cuerpo de la víctima fue retirado del lugar de los hechos the victim's body was removed from the scene of the crime
    hecho consumado fait accompli
    2. [realidad, dato] fact;
    el hecho de que seas el jefe no te da derecho a comportarte así just because you're the boss doesn't mean you have the right to behave like that;
    es un hecho indiscutido que… it is an indisputable fact that…;
    el hecho es que… the fact is that…;
    hecho ineludible fact of life
    3. [obra] action, deed;
    sus hechos hablan por él his actions speak for him;
    queremos hechos, y no promesas we want action, not promises
    los Hechos de los Apóstoles the Acts of the Apostles; Mil hecho de armas feat of arms
    4.
    de hecho [en realidad] in fact, actually;
    claro que lo conozco, de hecho, fuimos juntos al colegio of course I know him, indeed o in fact we actually went to school together
    5. [en la práctica] de facto;
    es el presidente de hecho he's the de facto president
    interj
    it's a deal!, you're on!;
    te lo vendo por un millón – ¡hecho! I'll sell it to you for a million – done! o it's a deal!
    * * *
    I parthacer; ( confeccionado)
    :
    hecho a mano hand-made;
    un traje hecho an off-the-peg suit;
    muy hecho carne well-done;
    ¡bien hecho! well done!;
    ¡hecho!, ¡eso está hecho ! done!, it’s a deal!;
    a lo hecho, pecho what’s done is done
    II adj finished;
    un hombre hecho y derecho a fully grown man
    III m
    1 ( realidad) fact;
    de hecho in fact;
    el hecho es que the fact is that
    2 ( suceso) event
    3 ( obra) action, deed;
    un hecho consumado a fait accompli
    * * *
    hecho, - cha adj
    1) : made, done
    2) : ready-to-wear
    3) : complete, finished
    hecho y derecho: full-fledged
    hecho nm
    1) : fact
    2) : event
    hechos históricos: historic events
    3) : act, action
    4)
    de hecho : in fact, in reality
    * * *
    hecho1 adj
    ¿de qué está hecho? what's it made of?
    2. (cocinado) done
    ¡bien hecho! well done!
    ¡hecho! done!
    hecho2 n
    1. (en general) fact
    2. (acto) action
    demuéstraselo con hechos y no con palabras prove it with actions, not words

    Spanish-English dictionary > hecho

  • 18 правда

    1. justice
    няма правда на този свят justice is not of this world
    2. truth, reality
    историческа правда truth to historical fact
    умирам за правда die in a good cause
    * * *
    пра̀вда,
    ж., само ед.
    1. justice;
    2. truth, reality; жизнена \правда reality; историческа \правда truth to historical fact; умирам за \правда die in a good cause.
    * * *
    justice
    * * *
    1. justice 2. truth, reality 3. жизнена ПРАВДА reality 4. историческа ПРАВДА truth to historical fact 5. няма ПРАВДА на този свят justice is not of this world 6. умирам за ПРАВДА die in a good cause

    Български-английски речник > правда

  • 19 historisch

    I Adj.
    1. historical; historisches Verständnis sense ( oder understanding) of history
    II Adv.: historisch bedeutend sein be historically significant, be of historical significance
    * * *
    historic; historical
    * * *
    his|to|risch [hIs'toːrɪʃ]
    1. adj
    historical; Verständnis, Kenntnisse auch of history; (= geschichtlich bedeutsam) Gestalt, Ereignis, Gebäude historic
    2. adv
    historically

    das ist histórisch belegt — there is historical evidence for this, that is historically documented

    histórisch denken — to think in historical terms

    histórisch betrachtet — seen in the light of history, looked at or considered from a historical perspective

    * * *
    1) (famous or important in history: a historic battle.) historic
    2) (of or about history; of or about people or events from history: historical research; historical novels.) historical
    3) (that actually happened or existed, not legendary or mythical: Was Shakespeare's character Macbeth a historical person?) historical
    * * *
    his·to·risch
    [hɪsˈto:rɪʃ]
    I. adj
    1. (die Geschichte betreffend) historical
    II. adv historically
    \historisch belegt sein to be historically proven [or a historical fact]
    etw \historisch betrachten to look at sth from a historical perspective
    * * *
    1. 2.
    adverbial historically
    * * *
    A. adj
    1. historical;
    historisches Verständnis sense ( oder understanding) of history
    B. adv:
    historisch bedeutend sein be historically significant, be of historical significance
    * * *
    1. 2.
    adverbial historically
    * * *
    adj.
    historic adj.
    historical adj. adv.
    historically adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > historisch

  • 20 verdad

    intj.
    right, isn't that right, isn't that so.
    f.
    1 truth.
    decir la verdad to tell the truth
    a decir verdad to tell the truth
    ¿es verdad? is that true o right?
    eso no es verdad that isn't true o so
    en verdad truly, honestly
    la verdad, no me importa to tell the truth o to be honest, I don't care
    la verdad es que no lo sé to be honest, I don't know, I don't really know
    cantarle o decirle a alguien cuatro verdades (figurative) to tell somebody a few home truths
    3 true statement, true thing.
    * * *
    1 truth, truthfulness
    es bonita, ¿verdad? she's pretty, isn't she?
    vendrás, ¿verdad? you'll come, won't you?
    hay tres, ¿verdad? there are three, aren't there?
    \
    a decir verdad to tell the truth
    de verdad (realmente) really, truly, seriously 2 (real) real
    de verdad que... I swear...
    decir a alguien cuatro verdades familiar to give somebody a piece of one's mind
    en verdad really
    la verdad sea dicha to tell the truth
    ¿no es verdad? isn't that so?
    tan verdad como que es de día / tan verdad como que Dios existe familiar it's as true as I'm standing here
    la pura verdad the plain truth
    verdad a medias a half truth
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=veracidad) truth

    hay una parte de verdad en todo estothere is some truth o an element of truth in all this

    decir la verdad — to tell the truth

    a decir verdad, si te digo la verdad — to be honest, to tell you the truth

    en verdad — to be honest, really

    en verdad no sé qué contestarte — to be honest I don't know what to say to you, I really don't know what to say to you

    en verdad os digo que seréis recompensados — (Biblia) verily I say unto you, you shall be rewarded

    faltar a la verdad — to be untruthful, be economical with the truth euf

    en honor a la verdad — to be perfectly honest, in all honesty

    hora 2), b)
    2)

    de verdad — (como adj) real; (como adv) really

    ¿son de verdad estas balas? — are those real bullets?

    -mañana vendré a ayudarte -¿de verdad? — "I'll come and help you tomorrow" - "really?" o"will you?"

    de verdad que no me importa ir — I really don't mind going, I don't mind going, honestly o really

    3)

    es verdad — it's true

    ¿es verdad que a Diego le ha tocado la lotería? — is it true that Diego has won the lottery?

    bien es verdad que es aún pronto para juzgar los resultados — of course, it's too soon to make any judgement about the results

    si bien es verdad que — although, even though

    si bien es verdad que llevamos poco tiempo aquí, ya puedo decir que... — although o even though we haven't been here long, I can already say that...

    4) *
    (para enfatizar)

    pues la verdad, no sé — to be honest I don't know, I don't really know

    la verdad es que no me gusta mucho — to be honest I don't like it much, I don't really like it much

    estás cansado ¿verdad? o¿no es verdad? — you're tired, aren't you?

    hace frío ¿verdad? o¿no es verdad? — it's cold, isn't it?

    no os gustó ¿verdad? — you didn't like it, did you?

    ¿verdad que sí fuimos? — we went, didn't we?, we did go, didn't we?

    ¿verdad que has sido tú? — it was you, wasn't it?

    6) (=afirmación verdadera) truth

    verdad objetivaobjective truth

    - ser una verdad como un puño
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( veracidad) truth

    a decir verdad... — to tell you the truth...

    la verdad, no lo sé — I don't honestly know

    la verdad es que... — the truth is that...

    si bien es verdad que... — it might well be true that...

    b)

    de verdad — (loc adv) really; (loc adj) real

    es muy guapa ¿verdad? — she's very beautiful, isn't she?

    ¿verdad que tú me entiendes? — you understand me, don't you?

    cantarle or decirle cuatro verdades a alguien — to tell somebody a few home truths

    verdades como puños: dice verdades como puños — he isn't afraid to tell the truth

    * * *
    = truth, verity.
    Ex. This is when children are not really concerned with scientific truth; they believe in Father Christmas anyway, even if there lurks the suspicion that there is something rather fishy about it all.
    Ex. His listeners looked around at each other and acknowledged the verity of his statement by nodding assents.
    ----
    * a decir verdad = to tell the truth, if the truth be known, if the truth be told, in all truth, in truth, fact is, the fact is (that), to be fair.
    * a decir verdad... = the fact of the matter is that....
    * a la hora de la verdad = when push comes to shove, if it comes to the crunch, when it comes to the crunch, when the worst comes to the worst, if the worst comes to the worst, when the crunch comes to the crunch, if the crunch comes to the crunch.
    * amigo de verdad = true friend.
    * apartarse del camino de la verdad = stray from + the straight and narrow.
    * aunque a decir verdad = Mind you.
    * averiguar la verdad = discern + the truth.
    * bala de verdad = live bullet.
    * búsqueda de la verdad = truth-seeking.
    * camino de la verdad, el = straight and narrow (path), the.
    * conocer la verdad = discern + the truth.
    * cuatro verdades = home truth.
    * cuatro verdades bien dichas = home truth.
    * decir la verdad = tell + the truth, speak + the truth, come + clean.
    * decir la verdad sobre = give + Nombre + the lowdown on.
    * decir la verdad, toda la verdad y nada más que la verdad = to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.
    * de verdad = wholeheartedly [whole-heartedly], for real.
    * en honor a la verdad = in fairness, in all honesty.
    * en verdad = in truth, true, in all truth.
    * hallar el camino de la verdad = think + Posesivo + way to the truth.
    * hora de la verdad = moment of truth.
    * hora de la verdad, la = showdown.
    * la verdad = the lowdown (on).
    * la verdad es que = if the truth be known, if the truth be told, the fact is (that), fact is.
    * la verdad es que... = the fact of the matter is that....
    * la verdad sea dicha = to tell the truth.
    * la verdad sea dicha que = if the truth be told.
    * la verdad sobre = the skinny on.
    * llegada la hora de la verdad = if it comes to the crunch, when the crunch comes to the crunch, if the crunch comes to the crunch.
    * llegado el momento de la verdad = if it comes to the crunch, when the crunch comes to the crunch, if the crunch comes to the crunch.
    * media verdad = half truth, half-fact.
    * munición de verdad = live ammunition, live munition.
    * nada + estar + más apartado de la verdad = nothing + can + be further from the truth.
    * nada + estar + más lejos de la verdad = nothing + can + be further from the truth.
    * no haber nada de verdad en = there + be + any/no truth to.
    * no preguntes porque no te puedo decir la verdad = ask no questions and hear no lies.
    * no ser verdad = be untrue.
    * para decir la verdad = to be honest.
    * pura verdad, la = unvarnished truth, la, pure truth, the.
    * ¡qué verdad que es! = how true!.
    * revelar la verdad = reveal + the truth.
    * saber cúal es la verdad = discern + the truth.
    * seguir el camino de la verdad = keep on + the straight and narrow.
    * ser verdad = be true.
    * ser verdad de = be true of.
    * suero de la verdad = truth serum.
    * toda la verdad sobre = the skinny on.
    * una pizca de verdad = a grain of truth.
    * ¿verdad? = do you?, do you?, right?, weren't you?, weren't you?.
    * verdad amarga = home truth.
    * verdad a medias = half truth, half-fact.
    * verdades eternas = nuggets of truth.
    * verdades eternas, las = eternal verities, the.
    * verdad eterna = eternal truth.
    * verdad evangélica = gospel truth.
    * verdad incómoda = inconvenient truth.
    * verdad molesta = inconvenient truth.
    * verdad obvia = truism.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( veracidad) truth

    a decir verdad... — to tell you the truth...

    la verdad, no lo sé — I don't honestly know

    la verdad es que... — the truth is that...

    si bien es verdad que... — it might well be true that...

    b)

    de verdad — (loc adv) really; (loc adj) real

    es muy guapa ¿verdad? — she's very beautiful, isn't she?

    ¿verdad que tú me entiendes? — you understand me, don't you?

    cantarle or decirle cuatro verdades a alguien — to tell somebody a few home truths

    verdades como puños: dice verdades como puños — he isn't afraid to tell the truth

    * * *
    = truth, verity.

    Ex: This is when children are not really concerned with scientific truth; they believe in Father Christmas anyway, even if there lurks the suspicion that there is something rather fishy about it all.

    Ex: His listeners looked around at each other and acknowledged the verity of his statement by nodding assents.
    * a decir verdad = to tell the truth, if the truth be known, if the truth be told, in all truth, in truth, fact is, the fact is (that), to be fair.
    * a decir verdad... = the fact of the matter is that....
    * a la hora de la verdad = when push comes to shove, if it comes to the crunch, when it comes to the crunch, when the worst comes to the worst, if the worst comes to the worst, when the crunch comes to the crunch, if the crunch comes to the crunch.
    * amigo de verdad = true friend.
    * apartarse del camino de la verdad = stray from + the straight and narrow.
    * aunque a decir verdad = Mind you.
    * averiguar la verdad = discern + the truth.
    * bala de verdad = live bullet.
    * búsqueda de la verdad = truth-seeking.
    * camino de la verdad, el = straight and narrow (path), the.
    * conocer la verdad = discern + the truth.
    * cuatro verdades = home truth.
    * cuatro verdades bien dichas = home truth.
    * decir la verdad = tell + the truth, speak + the truth, come + clean.
    * decir la verdad sobre = give + Nombre + the lowdown on.
    * decir la verdad, toda la verdad y nada más que la verdad = to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.
    * de verdad = wholeheartedly [whole-heartedly], for real.
    * en honor a la verdad = in fairness, in all honesty.
    * en verdad = in truth, true, in all truth.
    * hallar el camino de la verdad = think + Posesivo + way to the truth.
    * hora de la verdad = moment of truth.
    * hora de la verdad, la = showdown.
    * la verdad = the lowdown (on).
    * la verdad es que = if the truth be known, if the truth be told, the fact is (that), fact is.
    * la verdad es que... = the fact of the matter is that....
    * la verdad sea dicha = to tell the truth.
    * la verdad sea dicha que = if the truth be told.
    * la verdad sobre = the skinny on.
    * llegada la hora de la verdad = if it comes to the crunch, when the crunch comes to the crunch, if the crunch comes to the crunch.
    * llegado el momento de la verdad = if it comes to the crunch, when the crunch comes to the crunch, if the crunch comes to the crunch.
    * media verdad = half truth, half-fact.
    * munición de verdad = live ammunition, live munition.
    * nada + estar + más apartado de la verdad = nothing + can + be further from the truth.
    * nada + estar + más lejos de la verdad = nothing + can + be further from the truth.
    * no haber nada de verdad en = there + be + any/no truth to.
    * no preguntes porque no te puedo decir la verdad = ask no questions and hear no lies.
    * no ser verdad = be untrue.
    * para decir la verdad = to be honest.
    * pura verdad, la = unvarnished truth, la, pure truth, the.
    * ¡qué verdad que es! = how true!.
    * revelar la verdad = reveal + the truth.
    * saber cúal es la verdad = discern + the truth.
    * seguir el camino de la verdad = keep on + the straight and narrow.
    * ser verdad = be true.
    * ser verdad de = be true of.
    * suero de la verdad = truth serum.
    * toda la verdad sobre = the skinny on.
    * una pizca de verdad = a grain of truth.
    * ¿verdad? = do you?, do you?, right?, weren't you?, weren't you?.
    * verdad amarga = home truth.
    * verdad a medias = half truth, half-fact.
    * verdades eternas = nuggets of truth.
    * verdades eternas, las = eternal verities, the.
    * verdad eterna = eternal truth.
    * verdad evangélica = gospel truth.
    * verdad incómoda = inconvenient truth.
    * verdad molesta = inconvenient truth.
    * verdad obvia = truism.

    * * *
    A
    1 (veracidad) truth
    no sé cuánto habrá de verdad en lo que dice I don't know how much truth there is in what he says
    es la pura verdad it's the gospel truth
    dime la verdad tell me the truth
    a decir verdad or si te digo la verdad, a mí tampoco me gustó to tell you the truth, I didn't like it either
    la verdad, sólo la verdad y nada más que la verdad the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth
    me dijo la verdad a medias she only told me half the truth
    ¿cuántos años tiene? — la verdad, no lo sé how old is he? — I don't honestly know o to tell you the truth, I don't know
    la verdad es que me olvidé to be perfectly honest I forgot, the truth is I forgot
    ¿te ayudaron? — la verdad es que no mucho did they help you? — well, frankly not a lot
    en honor a la verdad in all fairness
    la verdad de la verdad es que no quiero ir to be quite honest I don't want to go, the truth of the matter is I don't want to go
    ¡eso no es verdad, yo no dije semejante cosa! that's not true, I said no such thing!
    en verdad os digo que … ( Bib) verily I say unto you …
    faltar a la verdad to be untruthful
    creer que se está en posesión de la verdad to think one is always right
    ir con la verdad por delante ( Esp); to be completely honest
    ser verdad de la buena ( fam); to be really true
    2
    de verdad: ¿de verdad (que) hiciste eso? did you really do that?
    ¡sí, hombre, de verdad que me gusta! yes, I mean it, I really do like it!
    mira que me voy a enojar or ( Esp) enfadar de verdad this time I really am going to get angry
    de verdad que lo siento I really am sorry
    una pistola/un caballo de verdad a real gun/horse
    3
    (buscando corroboración): ¡qué guapa es! ¿verdad? she's really beautiful, isn't she?
    ¿verdad que tú me entiendes? you understand me, don't you?
    una verdad científica a scientific truth
    eso es una gran verdad that is so true!, how right you are!
    ser una verdad como un templo to be self-evident
    ser una verdad de Perogrullo to be patently obvious
    verdades como puños: dice verdades como puños he isn't afraid to tell the truth, however much it hurts o however unpalatable
    * * *

     

    verdad sustantivo femenino


    es la pura verdad it's the gospel truth;
    a decir verdad … to tell you the truth …;
    la verdad, no lo sé I don't honestly know;
    ¡no es verdad! that's not true!;
    eso es una gran verdad that is so true!
    b)



    ( loc adj) real;
    ¡de verdad que me gusta! I really do like it!;

    una pistola de verdad a real gun

    es guapa ¿verdad? she's beautiful, isn't she?;

    ¿verdad que tú me entiendes? you understand me, don't you?
    verdad sustantivo femenino
    1 truth: debes decir la verdad, you must tell the truth
    eso no es verdad, that is not true
    la pura verdad, the plain truth
    2 (buscando asentimiento: tras una afirmación) es una gran soprano, ¿verdad?, she's a great soprano, isn't she?
    ¿verdad que tocas el violín?, you play the violin, don't you?
    (: tras una negación) no eres racista, ¿verdad?, you're not racist, are you?
    ♦ Locuciones: a decir verdad, to tell the truth, de verdad, (ciertamente) really: de verdad que lo lamento, I really am sorry
    (en serio) in earnest: están luchando de verdad, they are fighting for real
    (auténtico) un amigo de verdad, a real friend
    ' verdad' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - afrontar
    - callar
    - congruencia
    - decir
    - deformar
    - derrumbarse
    - desnuda
    - desnudo
    - encubrir
    - esconder
    - faltar
    - honor
    - hora
    - infiel
    - ocultar
    - poder
    - pura
    - puro
    - razón
    - tonta
    - tonto
    - alteración
    - alterar
    - creer
    - cuando
    - demostrar
    - disfrazar
    - falsear
    - grande
    - hecho
    - indiscutible
    - le
    - lejos
    - media
    - osar
    - prueba
    - reconocer
    - revelar
    - simulacro
    - sonsacar
    - tanto
    - triunfar
    English:
    actually
    - admittedly
    - be
    - bend
    - blue
    - chip
    - coax
    - credit
    - crunch
    - dark
    - departure
    - deviation
    - do
    - element
    - embroider
    - face
    - fudge
    - get
    - have
    - hold back
    - honest
    - impact
    - moment
    - naked
    - outspoken
    - overboard
    - perversion
    - pervert
    - plain
    - proper
    - really
    - rile
    - should
    - show
    - simple
    - strictly
    - tell
    - them
    - think through
    - tough
    - truth
    - truthful
    - turn off
    - uncover
    - will
    - bound
    - but
    - dearly
    - degree
    - effect
    * * *
    nf
    1. [realidad, afirmación real] truth;
    decir la verdad to tell the truth;
    di la verdad, ¿a ti qué te parece? tell the truth o be honest, what do you think?;
    a decir verdad to tell the truth;
    estás faltando a la verdad you're not telling the truth;
    ¿es verdad? is that true o right?;
    eso no es verdad that isn't true o so;
    ¿no es verdad? isn't that so?;
    bien es verdad que…, verdad es que… it's certainly true that…;
    si bien es verdad que… while it is true that…;
    en verdad truly, honestly;
    cree que está en posesión de la verdad she thinks she's always right about everything;
    ser la pura verdad to be the absolute truth;
    cantarle o [m5] decirle a alguien cuatro verdades to tell sb a few home truths;
    ir con la verdad por delante to be honest and up-front;
    Fam
    es una verdad como un puño o [m5] templo it's an undeniable fact;
    todo lo que dice son verdades como puños she always speaks the truth, however unpalatable
    verdad a medias half-truth;
    verdad de Perogrullo truism, platitude
    2. [con valor enfático]
    la verdad, no me importa to tell the truth o to be honest, I don't care;
    la verdad es que no lo sé to be honest, I don't know, I don't really know;
    la verdad es que nunca me ha gustado the truth is I've never liked her;
    la verdad es que la sopa está buenísima the soup's actually really good
    3. [buscando confirmación]
    no te gusta, ¿verdad? you don't like it, do you?;
    está bueno, ¿verdad? it's good, isn't it?;
    ¿verdad que me quieres? you do love me, don't you?
    4. [principio aceptado] fact;
    su libro no es fiel a la verdad histórica his book doesn't accurately reflect historical fact
    de verdad loc adv
    [en serio] seriously; [realmente] really;
    me gusta – ¿de verdad? I like it – (do you) really? o seriously?;
    de verdad que no sé qué decir I honestly o really don't know what to say
    de verdad loc adj
    [auténtico] real;
    un héroe de verdad a real hero
    * * *
    f
    1 truth;
    a decir verdad to tell the truth;
    en verdad in truth;
    la verdad es que … the truth (of the matter) is that …;
    es verdad it’s true, it’s the truth;
    faltar a la verdad be untruthful;
    media verdad, verdad a medias half truth;
    decir cuatro verdades a alguien tell s.o. a few home truths;
    ser una verdad de Perogrullo be blindingly obvious
    2
    :
    de verdad real, proper;
    es un amigo de verdad he’s a real friend
    3
    :
    no te gusta, ¿verdad? you don’t like it, do you?;
    vas a venir, ¿verdad? you’re coming, aren’t you?
    * * *
    verdad nf
    1) : truth
    2)
    de verdad : really, truly
    3)
    ¿verdad? : right?, isn't that so?
    * * *
    verdad n truth
    ¿es verdad que has ganado? is it true that you won? / did you really win?
    de verdad, iré mañana por la mañana really, I'll go tomorrow morning
    Para traducir ¿verdad? como coletilla, hay que utilizar el verbo auxiliar y el pronombre adecuados, siempre en negativo si la frase es afirmativa y viceversa
    estás de acuerdo conmigo, ¿verdad? you agree with me, don't you?
    es de Santander, ¿verdad? he's from Santander, isn't he?
    son franceses, ¿verdad? they're French, aren't they?
    no se han ido, ¿verdad? they haven't gone, have they?

    Spanish-English dictionary > verdad

См. также в других словарях:

  • historical fact — thing known to have happened in the past …   English contemporary dictionary

  • fact — [ fækt ] noun *** 1. ) count a piece of true information: They have simply attempted to state the facts. fact about: Here children can discover basic scientific facts about the world. fact of: He wrote an article explaining the main facts of the… …   Usage of the words and phrases in modern English

  • Historical basis for King Arthur — The historical basis of King Arthur is a source of considerable debate among historians. The King Arthur of Arthurian legend appears in many legends but it has not been decisively established whether his origin was entirely mythical or whether he …   Wikipedia

  • fact — noun ADJECTIVE ▪ important, interesting, relevant, salient ▪ You must look at all the relevant facts. ▪ basic, simple ▪ …   Collocations dictionary

  • fact — [[t]fæ̱kt[/t]] ♦ facts 1) PHRASE: prep PHR cl, v PHR cl You use the fact that after some verbs or prepositions, especially in expressions such as in view of the fact that, apart from the fact that, and despite the fact that, to link the verb or… …   English dictionary

  • fact */*/*/ — UK [fækt] / US noun Word forms fact : singular fact plural facts 1) a) [countable] a piece of true information They have simply attempted to state the facts. fact about: The classes are designed to help children discover basic scientific facts.… …   English dictionary

  • Historical school of economics — The Historical school of economics was an approach to academic economics and to public administration that emerged in 19th century in Germany, and held sway there until well into the 20th century.The Historical school held that history was the… …   Wikipedia

  • fact*/*/*/ — [fækt] noun 1) [C] a piece of true information The classes are designed to help children discover basic scientific facts.[/ex] The fact is, he lost because he didn t try very hard.[/ex] He has never hidden the fact that he doesn t like me.[/ex]… …   Dictionary for writing and speaking English

  • historical novel — a narrative in novel form, characterized chiefly by an imaginative reconstruction of historical events and personages. [1820 30] * * * ▪ literature       a novel that has as its setting a period of history and that attempts to convey the spirit,… …   Universalium

  • Historical Criticism — • The art of distinguishing the true from the false concerning facts of the past Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Historical Criticism     Historical Criticism      …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Historical powers — include great powers, nations, or empires in history. The term Great power represent the most important world powers. In a modern context, recognised great powers came about first in Europe during the post Napoleonic era.[1] The formalization of… …   Wikipedia

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